UNIT 5

Types of Sentences
(page 56-57)
The Answers of Exercise B
1. To make money, they must first spend money, for inventory, supplies, equipment and facilities acquired and employees paid.
2. Revenue from sales of the firm’s product should be the chief source of funding.
3. Financial manager is the ones who keeps track of how money is flowing into and out of the firms.
4. A financial manager decides how the available funds will be used, how much money is needed, and where to get it.
5. Financial management is the responsibility of the vice president of finance of the chief of finance officer.
6. The main function of accountants is to collect and present financial data.
7. The basis of financial decision is financial statement.
8. The financial manager’s job is focus on cash flow and out flow of cash.
9. The jobs of CFO are coordinate information from such area as marketing and production to develop and carry out financial strategies.
10. In a small firm, the financial functions are performed by either the accounting department or one or two poeple.
11. The key activities of the financial managers are financial planning, investment and financing.
12. Budgets are a way to control expense and compare the actual performance to the forecast.
13. The function of budgets are revised when the assumptions on which the budgets was based on longer hold true.
14. The three types of budgets are cash budgets, capital budgets and operating budgets.

(page 58-61)
Exercise 1
1. The one who keep track of how money is flowing into and out the firm is known as:
(b) financial manager.
2. The formal written forcast of revenue and expenses is known as:
(c) budget.
3. It is used to forecast the firm’s cash inflow and outflow:
(a) Cash budget
4. Investment, financing and financial planning are the main activities of:
(b) Financial manager
5. It is used to control and monitor the performance of a division or department:
(c) Budget

Exercise 2
1. revenue = (b) the main source of funding
2. finance = (a) sum of money intended for special purpose
3. expectation = (f) hopes
4. company = (k) firm
5. job = (m) assignment
6. expense = (l) cost
7. function = (e) role
8. division = (o) Segment
9. plan = (g) design
10. equipment = (n) apparatus
11. estimate = (j) approximate to some value more or less acuracy
12. implement = (h) the act of planning
13. projection = (i) put into practice
14. available = (c) obtainable
15. fund = (a) sum of money intended for special purpose
Exercise 3
1. All companies need money to meet the goals.
(TRUE)
2. Keeping track of cash inflow and outflow is the function of financial managers.
(TRUE)
3. Preparing and implemaenting financial plans is one of the duties of financial managers.
(FALSE)
4. Financial forecast starts with the financial planning process within the firm.
(FALSE)
5. Budget are formal written forecast or revenues and expenses.
(TRUE)
6. Cash budgets forcast outlays for fixed assets.
(FALSE)
7. Budgets guarantee that the firm will have enough funds to buy the equipment. (FALSE)
8. Operating budgets forecast the firm’s cash inflows and outflows.
(FALSE)

Exercise 4
NO. NOUN VERB
1. Equipment Equipe
2. Relation Relate
3. Statement State
4. Preparation Prepare
5. Coordination Coordinate
6. Information Inform
7. Development Develop
8. Estimation Estimate
9. Combination Combine
10. Consideration Consider

The Answer of Exercise 5
1. Money is refered to capital.
2. Continue to is refered to advanced.
3. Chief is refered to primary.
4. Obtain is refered to available.
5. Factor is refered to element.
6. Uses is refered to utilizes.
7. Paid back is refered to repaid.
8. Anticipate is refered to solve.

(page 66-69)
Exercise 1
1. The books from the library need to be returned by Friday.
2. The parents and the chid often watch Disney movies.
3. The phone that belongs to the two friends has finally run out of minutes.
4. That pair of trousers look good on you.
5. Either Matilda or her brother use the simphony tickets each week.
6. The crowd was cheering wildly for Tom.
7. The politics of this campign seem very complicated.
8. Everyone at the company’s headquarters knows the code to the safe.
9. Gulliver’s Travels are one of my favorite books.
10. Measles cause a good deal of itching.

Exercise 2
1. Emily and Greg come to my house every Friday for lunch.
2. There needs is time to watch the movie.
3. My friends who are in the band want me to play a musical instrument.
4. My father or my brothers are coming with me to the ball game.
5. Everyone needs time to relax.
6. That bag of oranges look fresh.
7. The lacrosse team hope to win the turnament next week.
8. Your trousers need to be cleaned.
9. Some of the books on the shelf are dusty.
10. Even though the students like the class, a few think that is too complicated.
Exercise 3
1. So many people are waiting outside.
2. The office next door was closed all day yesterday.
3. The print on the labels is so small.
4. The carpet has so many stains on it that it needs to be replaced.
5. The Trade Union members’ meeting are downstairs in the Conference Room.
6. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have moved in the next door to us.
7. Two cars and a coach were involved in the motorway accident.
8. This application form for the new job, which was posted yesterday, has gone missing.
9. My neighbour plays his music so loud that the walls almost vibrate.
10. Ricardo does not care whether United or City is winning.
11. The bouquet of flowers has just arrived.
12. He makes use of the computer now, and even writes reports for the manager with it.

UNIT 4

Types of Sentences
(page 54)
Practice 83-A
1. Many poor boys became famous. (Simple sentence)
2. Wood was a famous painter and Bok was a foremost editor. (Simple sentence)
3. Before he assumed his job, he prepared for it very carefully. (Complex sentence)
4. Bok made the best of a bad situation. (Simple sentence)
5. Hendry Ford inherited many traits from his mother . (Simple sentence)
6. Because he had a brillian mind, Ford planed his horseless carriage. (Complex sentence)
7. He hadn’t worked hard he would never have become a success . (Complex sentence)
8. Will Roger enjoyed wealth and fame in abundance . (Compound sentence)
9. Thomas Edison who made his first scientific experiment at the age of six, invented many things . (Complex sentence)
10. After he invented the phonograph , Edison wrote an article for the megazines. (Complex sentence)

Practice 83-B
1. Grant’s tomb, which was built of granite, is located in New York. (Complex sentence)
2. Though Grant was a fearless military man, he was a weak President. (Compound sentence)
3. Grant and Lee were two famous generals. (Simple sentence)
4. His memoirs, which were finished a week before his death, were sold by Mrs. Grant. (Complex sentence)
5. He fought the southern troops under terrible conditions. (Simple sentence)
6. Lee was offered the command of the union army, but he chose to lead the South. (Complex sentence)
7. When grant finished his second term as President, he and his family toured Europed. (Complex sentence)
8. U.S. Grant served two tems as President, but he died a poor man. (Compound sentence)
9. Clay was a brilliant orator, but Webster was the greatest of them all. (Compound sentence)
10. Clay was a leader of a group of young statesmen who were called “War Hawks”. (Complex sentence)
11. Clay was a member of the cabinet before Webster was ever in the Senate.
12. They worked and fought side by side. (Simple sentence)
13. Andrew Jackson had a nickname “Old Hickory”. (Simple sentence)
14. He had a strong personality or he would never have risen to such heights. (Simple sentence)
15. Jackson, who was the Hero of the Battke of New Orleans, was a military leader. (Compound sentence)

UNIT 3

Skimming

page 26
Exercise 1

1. Against

2. Against

3. For
4. Against
5. Against
6. For
7. Against
8. Against

page 27
Exercise 2
1. Against
2. For
3. For
4. For
5. Against
6. For
7. For
8. For


page 28-29
exercise 1
1. Comparison
2. Comparison
3. Listing
4. Cause-effect
5. Comparison
6. Comparison
7. Time-order
8. Comparison

page 30
exercise 2
1. Time-order
2. Time-order
3. Comparison
4. Cause-effect
5. Comparison
6. Listing
7. Cause-effect

Scanning
(page 32-43)
The Ansewers of Exercise 1
There are 6 features in the magazines.
The title of the article on noise pollution is “The Trouble with Jet Skis”.
I can read about long lake on page 2.
There are 6 departements in the magazine.
Yes, it does. It is on page 17.
I can read about birds on page 23.
Yes, it does. His name is John Mitchell.
I can read about freshwater ponds on page 14.
The title of the article by Betsy Colburn is “Watcher at the Pond”.
The Article by Deborah Knight is on the page 6.

The Answers of Exercise 2
Item(s) Page(s)
TOEFL 132
Taste 53
Vocabulary v, 12, 28, 29, 33,37,61, 75, 92, 107, 126
Writing 63
Sound 75, 76, 131, 135, 148, 152, 156
Stereotype 9, 14, 53
Time magazine 118
University of Illinois 127, 128, 132
Andrew Wright 159
Garry trudeau 66

The Answers of Exercise 3
The ferry depart from Seattle at 7:00 AM.
The ferry depart from Victoria at 2:00 PM.
I cann’t take the ferry on a Wenesday in March or April.
There are two ferry trips everyday, during June 30, until September 14.
There are ferry trips only on the weekends, during October 1, until October 15.
The bill of a round trip for a student os $39.
A father and two litle children would pay $93 for round trip.
The lastest time that I can take a ferry from Victoria to Seattle is at 4:20 PM.
The ferry take to travel from Seattle to Victoria is about 5 hours more 20 minutes.
No, I cann’t. I cann’t take a ferry from Victoria at 4:20 PM in October.

Parts of Speech
(page 51)
The Ansewers of Exercise 1
In 1610, Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy, used his simple telescope and pointed it aat the
moon’s mountains and valleys.
Used = transitive verb
Simple = qualitative adjective
Telescope = countable noun
Pointed = transitive verb
Montains = countable verb
Valleys = countable verb

People who make a living by hunting birds can tell you that certain birds, because of their colour, can easily deceive you.
People = countable nouns
Make = transitive verb
Hunting = transitive verb
Tell = transitive verb
Certain = qualitative adjective
Birds = countable nouns
Colour = countable noun
Easily = qualitative adjective
Deceive = transitive verb

A cameleon can easily change colour so that it is difficult to distinguish it from its surroundings.
Cameleon = countable noun
Easily = qualitative adjective
Change = transitive verb
Colour = countable noun
Difficult = qualitative adjective
Distinguish = transitive verb
Surrounding = Noun (geround)

The acid which is produced by those gland cells is so strong that it can harm living cells.
Acid = countable noun
Produced = transitive verb
Gland = countable noun
Cells = countable nouns
So = subordinate conjunction
Strong = qualitative adjective
Harm = transitive verb
Living = Noun (geround)
Cells = countable nouns


The officer highest in rank in a foreign agency or an embassy is an ambassador who heads the embassy and represents his government in diplomacy or diplomatic affairs.
Officer = countable noun
Highest = qualitative adjective
Rank = adverb of place
Foreign = qualitative adjective
Agency = countable noun
Embassy = countable noun
Ambassador = countable noun
Heads = transitive verb
Embassy = countable noun
Ambassador = countable noun
Represents = transitive verb
Government = countable noun
Diplomacy = intransitive verb
Diplomatic = uncountable noun
Affairs = abstract noun

A legation is also a diplomat lower than an ambassador, and he represents his government in a foreign country.
Legation = countable noun
Diplomat = countable noun
Lower = qualitative adjective
Ambassador = countable noun
Represents = transitive verb
Government = countable noun
Foreign = qualitative adjective
Country = adverb of place

Such relations are important to maintain these countries’ national interest through international co-operation.
Relations = countable noun
Important = qualitative adjective
Maintain = transitive verb
countries’ = countable verb
national = countable noun
interest = qualitative adjective
international = adverb
co-operation = countable noun

He wished that he could have continued his study, but he could not; he had to earn money to support his family.
Wished = transitive verb
Family = countable noun
Support = transitive verb
Money = uncountable noun
Earn = transitive verb

However, when Sams was thirty years old and had had a great eal of experience, he moved to Fransisco, where he merried Olivia Langdon in 1870.
Years = adverb of time
Old = qualitative adjective
Had = auxiliary verb
Experience = countable noun
Moved = intransitive verb
Merried = transitive verb

Writing to a busy man requires that you state your business quickly and accurately, but courteously.
Writing = transitive verb
Busy = qualitative adjective
man = countable noun
requires = transitive verb
state = transitive verb
business = countable noun
quickly = qualitative adjective
accurately = qualitative adjective
courteously = qualitative adjective

UNIT 2

Describing Company & Its History
(page 17-18)
2. STUDY POINT
1. Complete the sentence with a preposition!

a. The company expanded in the 80’s.
b. I joined AMT in 1991.
c. I left on the spring.
d. The company was taken over on the end of that month.
e. I got a new job with CDR on May 1st.
f. I was sent to Miamy in the beginning of July.
g. My boss called me at 9:00 AM on Tuesday August 5th.
h. He wanted me to go to Rome in September.
i. I called him back at 3:00 PM.

4. Now put these sentences into passive!

a. We bought a factory in Mexico in 1987.
A factory was bought by us in Mexico in 1987.
b. We acquired our Japanese subsidiary in 1988.
Our Japanese was acquired by us in 1988.
c. We closed the Mexician factory in 1989.
It was closed by us in 1989.
d. ZRF took us over in1992.
We take ZRF over in 1992.
e. They tore down the original factory.
The original factory
f. They built a new one on the same site.
A new one was built by them on the same site.
g. They completed the building work in 1993.
The building work was completed by them in 1993.
h. The president opened the new factory.
The new factory was opened by the president.

2. VOCABULARY

Complete the table. Working in pairs, write sentences using the words.





Verb
Noun

To merge
To acquired
To take
To expatiate
To produce
To increase
To decrease
To close (down)
To sell off
To grow
A merge
An acquirement
An takeover
expansion
a production
An increase
A decrease
A closeners
sell out
a grower


(page 24)
EXERCISES 43.1
1. The Bill includes service.
Service is included in in the bill.
2. People don’t use this road very often.
This road isn’t used by people.
3. They canceled all flights because of fog .
All flights were cancelled by them .
4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
I was accused of stealing the money by them.
5. They are building a new ring road round the city.
A new ring road is being built by them round the city.
6. I didn’t realise that someone was recording our conversation.
I didn’t realise that our conversation was being recorded.
7. They have changed the date of the meeting.
The date of the meeting has been change by them.
8. Bryan told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
Bryan told me that he had been attacked and robbed by somebody in the street.

EXERCISES 43.2
1. This is very popular televison programm.
Every week it is watched by millions of poeple.
2. What happenes to the cars produced in this factory?
Most of them is exported.
3. A: Was there any truble at the demonstration?
B: Yes. About 20 poeple arrested.
4. A: There is no longer military service in Britain.
B: Really? When was it abolished?
5. A: Did anybody call ambulance to the scene of the accident?
B: Yes. But nobody injured, so it was not need.
6. A: last night someone broke into our house.
B: Oh dear. Anything was taken?
7. Mr. Kelly can’t use this office at the moment.
It is decorated.
8. George didn;t have his car yesterday.
It was serviced at the garage.
9. Where is my bicycle? It’s gone.
It has been steal.
10. The poeple next door disappeared six month ago.
They wasn’t seen since then.
11. This room looks different.
It has been beeing painted since I was last here?
12. A tree was lying across the road.
It was being blewn down in the strom.

For completing 12 tasks of your blog

QUESTIONS 1 – 8

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by combining carbon disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today because of its effectiveness as a solvent as well as its use in the production of propellants.

Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use. In the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used throughout the home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it changes into a poisonous gas that can cause severe illness and even death if it is inhaled. Because of this dangerous characteristic, the United States revoked permission for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in 1970. The United States has taken similar action with various other chemical compounds.

1. The main point of this passage is that

1. carbon tetrachloride can be very dangerous when it is heated
2. the government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970
3. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home products.
4. carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning compounds

Answer : 3. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home products.

2. The word “widely” in line 2 could most easily be replaced by

1. grandly
2. extensively
3. largely
4. hugely

Answer : 2. extensively

3. The word “banned” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

1. forbidden
2. allowed
3. suggested
4. instituted

Answer : 1. forbidden

4. According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was

1. used by itself as a cleanser
2. banned in industrial use
3. often used as a component of cleaning products
4. not allowed in home cleaning products

Answer : 4. not allowed in home cleaning products

5. It is stated in the passage that when carbon tetrachloride is heated, it becomes

1. harmful
2. colorless
3. a cleaning compound
4. inflammable

Answer : 1. harmful

6. The word “inhaled” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

1. warmed
2. breathed in
3. carelessly used
4. blown

Answer : 2. breathed in

7. The word “revoked” in line 8 could most easily be replaced by

1. gave
2. granted
3. instituted
4. took away

Answer : 4. took away

8. It can be inferred from the passage that one role of the U.S. government is to

1. regulate product safety
2. prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride
3. instruct industry on cleaning methodologies
4. ban the use of any chemicals

Answer : 4. regulate product safety

Questions 9 – 16

The next artist in this survey of American artist is James Whistler; he is include in this survey of American artist because he was born in the United States, although the majority of his artwork was completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in 1834, but nine years later his father moved the family to St. Petersburg, Russia, to work on the construction of a railroad. The family returned to the United States in 1849. Two years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at West Point, but he was unable to graduate. At the age of twenty-one Whistler went to Europe to study art despite familial objections, and he remained in Europe until his death.

Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is most famous for his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1: Portrait of the Artist’s Mother or Whistler’s Mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting shows a side view of Whistler’s mother, dressed I black and posing against a gray wall. The asymmetrical nature of the portrait, with his mother seated off-center, is highly characteristic of Whistler’s work.

9. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses

1. a survey of eighteenth-century art
2. a different American artist
3. Whistler’s other famous paintings
4. European artists

Answer : 2. a different American artist

10. Which of the following best describes the information in the passage?

1. Several artists are presented
2. One artist’s life and works are described
3. Various paintings are contrasted
4. Whistler’s family life is outlined.

Answer : 2. One artist’s life and works are described

11. Whistler is considered an American artis because

1. he was born in America
2. he spent most of his life in America
3. he served in the U.S. military
4. he created most of his famous art in America

Answer : 1. he was born in America

12. The world “majority” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

1. seniority
2. maturity
3. large pices
4. high percentage

Answer : 4. high percentage

13. It is implied in the passage that Whistler’s family was

1. unable to find any work at all in Rusia
2. highly supportive of his desire to pursue art
3. working class
4. military

Answer : 3. working class

14. The word “objections” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

1. protests
2. goals
3. agreements
4. battles

Answer : 1. protests

15. In line 8, the “etchings” are

1. a type of painting
2. the same as a lithograph
3. an art form introduced by Whistler
4. an art form involving engraving

Answer : 4. an art form involving engraving

16. The word “asymmetrical” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

1. proportionate
2. uneven
3. balanced
4. lyrical

Answer : 2. uneven

Questions 17 – 23

The locations of stars in the sky relative to one another, do not appear to the naked eye to change, and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in position. Many unaware stargazers falsely assume that each star has its own permanent home in the nighttime sky.

In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous distances between stars themselves and from stars to Earth, the changes are barely perceptible here. An example of a rather fast-moving star demonstrate why this misconception prevails; it takes approximately 200 years for a relatively rapid star like Bernard’s star to move a distance in the skies equal to the diameter of the earth’s moon. When the apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted with the movement of the planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving.

17. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

1. What the Eye Can See in the Sky
2. Bernard’s Star
3. Planetary Movement
4. The Evermoving Stars

Answer : 4. The Evermoving Stars

18. The expression “naked eye” in line 1 most probably refers to

1. a telescope
2. a scientific method for observing stars
3. unassisted vision
4. a camera with a powerful lens

Answer : 3. unassisted vision

19. According to the passage, the distance between the stars and Earth are

1. barely perceptible
2. huge
3. fixed
4. moderate

Answer : 1. barely perceptible

20. The word “perceptible” in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following

1. Noticeble
2. Persuasive
3. Conceivable
4. Astonishing

Answer : 1. Noticeble

21. In line 6, a “misconception” is closest in meaning to a(n)

1. idea
2. proven fact
3. erroneous belief
4. theory

Answer : 3. erroneous belief

22. The passage states that in 200 years Bernard’s star can move

1. around Earths’s moon
2. next to Earth’s moon
3. a distance equal to the distance from Earth to the Moon
4. a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the Moon

Answer : 4. a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the Moon

23. The passage implies that from Earth it appears that the planets

1. are fixed in the sky
2. move more slowly than the stars
3. show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars
4. travel through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars.

Answer : 4. travel through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars.

COHEREN (General English Page 94)

COHEREN (General English Page 94)

(1)The Golden Gate Bridge separates San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. (2) She went to Japan Center, where the buildings and restaurants looked familiar. (3) But San Francisco did not look anything like New York. (4) It crosses from San Francisco to Oakland. (5) Many homes have views of the bay and ocean. (6) Here she was able to talk with people in her native language. (7) She expected to find the tall skyscrapers she had seen on postcards of New York. (8) The Bay Bridge is majestic. (9) Miyoko’s first stop on her flight from Tokyo to the United States was San Francisco. (10) Miyoko especially liked the two bridges that cross San Francisco Bay. (11) From them she learned that San Francisco is a most hospitable city for people from the Orient. (12) After seeing the many hills and bridges, Miyoko was surprised to learn that San Francisco has a very large Japanese population. (13) Even more beautiful is the Golden Gate Bridge, stretching from San Francisco to Marin Country. (14) For one thing, it is all built on hill.

Answer:

1. (9)
2. (7)
3. (3)
4. (14)
5. (5)
6. (10)
7. (8)
8. (4)
9. (13)
10. (1)
11. (12)
12. (2)
13. (6)
14. (11)

Miyoko’s first stop on her flight from Tokyo to the United States was San Francisco. She expected to find the tall skyscrapers she had seen on postcards of New York. But San Francisco did not look anything like New York. For one thing, it is all built on hill. Many homes have views of the bay and ocean. Miyoko especially liked the two bridges that cross San Francisco Bay. The Bay Bridge is majestic. It crosses from San Francisco to Oakland. Even more beautiful is the Golden Gate Bridge, stretching from San Francisco to Marin Country. The Golden Gate Bridge separates San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. After seeing the many hills and bridges, Miyoko was surprised to learn that San Francisco has a very large Japanese population. She went to Japan Center, where the buildings and restaurants looked familiar. Here she was able to talk with people in her native language. From them she learned that San Francisco is a most hospitable city for people from the Orient.

Quiz: Position and Topic Sentence of Paragraphs

Paragraph I
( 3 ) a. Next, add anti freeze to your windshield washer fluid; otherwise, the fluid will freeze and possibly break the container.
( 1 ) b. First, put on snow tires if you plan to drive on snowy, icy roads very often.
( TS ) c. Driving in winter, especially on snowy, icy roads, can be less trouble some if you take a few simple precautions*.
( 4 ) d. Finally, it is also a good idea to carry tire chains, a can of spray to unfreeze door locks and a windshield scraper in your car when driving in winter weather.
( 2 ) e. Second, check the amount of antifreeze in your radiator and add more if necessary.

Paragraph 2
( 3 ) a. Furthermore, researchers are continuing to work on the development of an efficient, electrically powered automobile.
( TS ) b. Researchers in the automobile industry are experimenting with different types of engines and fuels as alternative to the conventional gasoline engines.
( 1 ) c. One new type of engine, which burns diesel oil instead of gasoline, has been available for several years.
( 4 ) d. Finally, several automobile manufactures are experimenting with methanol, which is a mixture of gasoline and methyl alcohol, as an automobile fuel.
( 2 ) e. A second type is the gas turbine engine, which can use fuels made from gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, other petroleum distillates*, or methanol.

Paragraph 3
( 3 ) a. Later on, people began to write on pieces of leather, which were rolled into scrolls.
( 1 ) b. In the earliest times, people carved or painted messages on rocks.
( 2 ) c. In the middle Ages, heavy paper called parchment was used for writing; books were laboratoriously copied by hand.
( 4 ) d. With the invention of the printing press in the middle of the fifteenth century, the modern printing industry was born.
( TS ) e. Some form of written communication has been used throughout the centuries.

Paragraph 4
( 3 ) a. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named thunder cloud.
( TS ) b. American Indian names are very descriptive, for Indian were usually named for physical attribute, for an occurrence in nature, or for animal.
( 1 ) c. Grey Eagle, red dog, Big bear, and spotted wolf are example of Indians named after animals.
( 2 ) d. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics might be given such names as big foot or crooked leg.

Paragraph 5
( 2 ) a. For one thing, Individual I.Q. scores vary considerably.
( 1 ) b. Many experts also question whether I.Q. scores are related to intelligence.
( 3 ) c. Furthermore, most psychologists agree that intelligence test are biased* in favor of middle-class children.
( TS ) d. The validity* of standardized intelligence test is being seriously questioned by educators and physiologists.
( 4 ) e. In fact, motivation seems to be just as important as intelligence in determining a person’s ability to learn.